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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iteriertes Funktionensystem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>iteriertes Funktionensystem</b> (<b>IFS</b>) ist eine Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/205d4b91000d9dcf1a5bbabdfa6a8395fa60b676.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.927ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktionen</a>, die denselben Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> als Definitions- und Wertebereich haben und unter Verknüpfung abgeschlossen sind. Also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\circ {\mathcal {F}}\subset {\mathcal {F}}\;}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
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<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\circ {\mathcal {F}}\subset {\mathcal {F}}\;}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71c8dc0e2b63132e7c89307d685b489449153f4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.718ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\circ {\mathcal {F}}\subset {\mathcal {F}}\;}" loading="lazy"></span> d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;\forall f,g\in {\mathcal {F}}:\;f\circ g\in {\mathcal {F}}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;\forall f,g\in {\mathcal {F}}:\;f\circ g\in {\mathcal {F}}.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fb9b6e1bde2fcf1d3752936de09c173fef79fc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.719ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;\forall f,g\in {\mathcal {F}}:\;f\circ g\in {\mathcal {F}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Iterierte Funktionensysteme dienen meist der Konstruktion von <a href="Fraktal" title="Fraktal">Fraktalen</a>, die dann auch als <i>IFS-Fraktale</i> bezeichnet werden. Bekannte Vertreter dieser Klasse von Fraktalen sind das <a href="Sierpinski-Dreieck" title="Sierpinski-Dreieck">Sierpinski-Dreieck</a> und die <a href="Koch-Kurve" title="Koch-Kurve">Koch-Kurve</a> wie auch die Grenzmengen von <a href="Lindenmayer-System" title="Lindenmayer-System">Lindenmayer-Systemen</a>.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sierpinski-Dreieck" title="Sierpinski-Dreieck">Sierpinski-Dreieck</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Koch-Kurve" title="Koch-Kurve">Koch-Kurve</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sierpinski-Teppich" title="Sierpinski-Teppich">Sierpinski-Teppich</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Drachenkurve" title="Drachenkurve">Drachen-Fraktal</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Diese Art der Fraktalkonstruktion wurde 1981 von John Hutchinson erfunden<sup id="cite_ref-hutchinson1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutchinson1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und später von Michael F. Barnsley mit seinem Buch <i>Fractals Everywhere</i><sup id="cite_ref-barnsley1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnsley1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularisiert.<sup id="cite_ref-peruggia1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peruggia1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dort gab Barnsley auch den <i>Collage-Satz</i> an, welcher die Grundlage der <a href="Fraktale_Bildkompression" title="Fraktale Bildkompression">fraktalen Bildkompression</a> bildet. Diese Art, Bilder effizient mittels Datenstrukturen zu kodieren, hat sich jedoch nie richtig durchsetzen können und wird heute im Wesentlichen nur noch als Hybridverfahren in Kombination mit einer <a href="Wavelet-Transformation" title="Wavelet-Transformation">Wavelet-Transformation</a> untersucht.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invariante,_selbstähnliche_Mengen"><span id="Invariante.2C_selbst.C3.A4hnliche_Mengen"></span>Invariante, selbstähnliche Mengen</h2></div>
<p>Um für ein IFS Eigenschaften ableiten zu können, muss die Funktionenmenge zusätzliche Voraussetzungen erfüllen. Üblicherweise, wenn von <i>IFS</i> gesprochen wird, werden diese Voraussetzungen stillschweigend als gegeben angenommen. Diese Voraussetzungen sind
</p>
<ol><li>dass das IFS endlich erzeugt ist, also endlich viele Funktionen enthält, aus welchen die anderen durch wiederholte (iterierte) Verknüpfung zusammengesetzt werden können,</li>
<li>dass der Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Raum" title="Vollständiger Raum">vollständiger</a> <a href="Metrischer_Raum" title="Metrischer Raum">metrischer Raum</a> mit Metrik <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, und</li>
<li>dass jede Funktion des IFS <a href="Kontraktion_(Mathematik)" title="Kontraktion (Mathematik)">kontraktiv</a> bezüglich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Mit Voraussetzung 1. reicht es, dies von den Erzeugenden zu verlangen.</li></ol>
<p>Unter diesen Umständen gibt es eine invariante, <a href="Selbst%C3%A4hnlichkeit" title="Selbstähnlichkeit">selbstähnliche</a> Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\subseteq M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\subseteq M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a8f625b2e9c810c24a95f54c8903345ba545235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.521ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\subseteq M}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<ul><li>Die Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist invariant, wenn sie von jeder Funktion des IFS wieder in sich abgebildet wird.</li>
<li>Die Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist selbstähnlich, wenn jeder Punkt aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> in der Bildmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(X)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00816772e8dff4e6733c478ec77fab0382264a93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.53ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f63bed964e89bbd2f00f55a26858febaa674872.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.508ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt.</li></ul>
<p>Selbstähnliche Mengen haben meist keine ganzzahlige <a href="Hausdorff-Dimension" title="Hausdorff-Dimension">Hausdorff-Dimension</a> und werden dann auch als Fraktal bezeichnet, deshalb die Bezeichnung <i>IFS-Fraktal</i>. Man könnte auch weitergehend den Begriff der Selbstähnlichkeit durch die Forderung der Existenz eines IFS definieren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existenz_und_Eindeutigkeit_der_invarianten_Menge">Existenz und Eindeutigkeit der invarianten Menge</h2></div>
<p><a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematisch</a> gesehen handelt es sich bei der Theorie der <i>iterierten Funktionensysteme</i>, wie auch die Begrifflichkeit vermuten lässt, um eine direkte Anwendung des
<a href="Fixpunktsatz_von_Banach" title="Fixpunktsatz von Banach">banachschen Fixpunktsatzes</a>, wobei mehrere Funktionen statt einer betrachtet werden und, statt eines eindeutigen Fixpunktes, sich eine invariante, meist fraktale, Teilmenge des Raumes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt. Zur Illustration wird meist das zweidimensionale Einheitsquadrat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=[0,1]\times [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=[0,1]\times [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ca20e292d0eec54bf2cbd78eec9714f93c82398.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.686ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=[0,1]\times [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem euklidischen Abstand gewählt.
</p><p>Wir beginnen also mit einer endlichen Menge von Funktionen eines <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakten</a> <a href="Metrischer_Raum" title="Metrischer Raum">metrischen Raumes</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (M,d)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (M,d)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d78e6f2ddf5baee227ee2a9f164726ba0c23c263.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (M,d)}" loading="lazy"></span> in sich selbst:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}:=\{\phi _{1},\dots ,\phi _{r}\colon M\to M\},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}:=\{\phi _{1},\dots ,\phi _{r}\colon M\to M\},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/316efb5bffb084598e7f9ec8fb32c721c22faa69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.952ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}:=\{\phi _{1},\dots ,\phi _{r}\colon M\to M\},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>von denen wir voraussetzen, dass es eine Kontraktionskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<c<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;c&lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c2ef66b35dc03fb20aa2da7cf53cdaaaac18ad0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.529ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<c<1}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall x,y\in M,\phi \in {\mathcal {F}}_{1}:\;d(\phi (x),\phi (y))\leq c\,d(x,y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall x,y\in M,\phi \in {\mathcal {F}}_{1}:\;d(\phi (x),\phi (y))\leq c\,d(x,y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34c8670dafd2a028414398411e5a85d5177b94c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.633ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall x,y\in M,\phi \in {\mathcal {F}}_{1}:\;d(\phi (x),\phi (y))\leq c\,d(x,y)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch <a href="Iteration" title="Iteration">Iteration</a> setzen wir <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d392bc6fb93f473201227731129df52c55d996e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.725ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem IFS <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/205d4b91000d9dcf1a5bbabdfa6a8395fa60b676.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.927ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span> fort, es sei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n+1}:={\mathcal {F}}_{1}\circ {\mathcal {F}}_{n}:=\{\phi \circ F:\;\phi \in {\mathcal {F}}_{1},\;F\in {\mathcal {F}}_{n}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n+1}:={\mathcal {F}}_{1}\circ {\mathcal {F}}_{n}:=\{\phi \circ F:\;\phi \in {\mathcal {F}}_{1},\;F\in {\mathcal {F}}_{n}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8cd180b7a457c81a51720a5354fcda1cb4fd001.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.62ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{n+1}:={\mathcal {F}}_{1}\circ {\mathcal {F}}_{n}:=\{\phi \circ F:\;\phi \in {\mathcal {F}}_{1},\;F\in {\mathcal {F}}_{n}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und erhalten schließlich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}:=\bigcup _{n=1}^{\infty }{\mathcal {F}}_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}:=\bigcup _{n=1}^{\infty }{\mathcal {F}}_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e32862d7b6ee69e3c15511e88c2a0d6724cfd87b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.035ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}:=\bigcup _{n=1}^{\infty }{\mathcal {F}}_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="Vorlage_Kasten hintergrundfarbe-basis rahmenfarbe1" style="border-style:solid; clear:both; padding:10px;">
<p><i>Satz:</i> Sind alle Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1},\dots ,\phi _{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1},\dots ,\phi _{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05ce2e827fed97f0e5c6c56bca61e1fe064b8891.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.977ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1},\dots ,\phi _{r}}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d392bc6fb93f473201227731129df52c55d996e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.725ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Kontraktion_(Mathematik)" title="Kontraktion (Mathematik)">kontraktiv</a>, so gibt es eine invariante Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche die Fixpunktgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65a7aed4a2de27bfc6659112b2e08898e887ce3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.108ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt. Für diese gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Zu jedem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f63bed964e89bbd2f00f55a26858febaa674872.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.508ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt es genau einen Fixpunkt. Die invariante Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der topologische Abschluss der Menge aller Fixpunkte</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{x\in M|\;\exists F\in {\mathcal {F}}:\,x=F(x)\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∃<!-- ∃ --></mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{x\in M|\;\exists F\in {\mathcal {F}}:\,x=F(x)\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76e5996fbc309a7654b28e895fe6aaaf26dd6ff5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.662ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{x\in M|\;\exists F\in {\mathcal {F}}:\,x=F(x)\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a791cf1205a293bb7b42ae3618fbc376acd4b52a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.438ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in M}" loading="lazy"></span> ein beliebiger Punkt, so gilt für den Abstand dieses Punktes</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d(X,F(y))\leq c_{F}\,d(X,y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d(X,F(y))\leq c_{F}\,d(X,y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9aa7cd4731bb6f47a882fdc73fad2f62335bdba0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.895ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d(X,F(y))\leq c_{F}\,d(X,y)}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f63bed964e89bbd2f00f55a26858febaa674872.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.508ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd>
<dd>Es gilt die Abschätzung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{F}\leq c^{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{F}\leq c^{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a160b829a404a7018a9f1df8477545172e551b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.25ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{F}\leq c^{m}}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>-fache Verkettung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}_{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545e9de684fa5404e6825d57934f393e363e31e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.928ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\in {\mathcal {F}}_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Ausgangsfunktionen ist.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Damit kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> durch Iteration einer beschränkten Ausgangsmenge</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{0}\subset M,\quad X_{n+1}=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{0}\subset M,\quad X_{n+1}=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cf7052f5a4d2e99e0163ae307744e8eefb0516a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:30.41ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{0}\subset M,\quad X_{n+1}=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>beliebig gut angenähert werden.</dd></dl>
</div>
<p>Der Beweis des Satzes erfolgt dadurch, dass man aus dem metrischen Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (M,d)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (M,d)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d78e6f2ddf5baee227ee2a9f164726ba0c23c263.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (M,d)}" loading="lazy"></span> einen neuen Raum konstruiert, dessen „Punkte“ genau die <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakten</a> Teilmengen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> sind. Hierauf kann man eine Metrik definieren (die <a href="Hausdorff-Metrik" title="Hausdorff-Metrik">Hausdorff-Metrik</a>), bezüglich der dieser Raum vollständig und die Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\mapsto \bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\mapsto \bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66a3c58f0ef39c5b3a04ac34fbf4ae9f329c58ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.624ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\mapsto \bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Kontraktion ist. Dadurch wird der banachsche Fixpunktsatz anwendbar.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approximation_der_Grenzmenge">Approximation der Grenzmenge</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaosspiel">Chaosspiel</h3></div>
<p>Die Gestalt der fraktalen Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> kann durch ein so genanntes <i>Chaosspiel</i> visualisiert werden. Dabei wird zunächst
ein Fixpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=\phi _{1}({\vec {x}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=\phi _{1}({\vec {x}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/567017b3e861e06d0ad1237a1dd7cd4db518994d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.007ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=\phi _{1}({\vec {x}})}" loading="lazy"></span>
aufgesucht und auf diesen in zufälliger Reihenfolge die definierenden Funktionen angewandt. Als <a href="Algorithmus" title="Algorithmus">Algorithmus</a> kann dies wie folgt aussehen:
</p>
<ul><li>Weise 100 mal hintereinander <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:=\phi _{1}({\vec {x}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:=\phi _{1}({\vec {x}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a9c887d942ff25b3e64924352e5771117484aa5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.654ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:=\phi _{1}({\vec {x}})}" loading="lazy"></span> zu</li>
<li>Wiederhole beliebig oft
<ul><li>Wähle zufällig ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\in \left\{1,\dots ,r\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\in \left\{1,\dots ,r\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b643dc99c7d04b93c332c76453dc67b6e0383b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.357ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\in \left\{1,\dots ,r\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Weise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:=\phi _{i}({\vec {x}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:=\phi _{i}({\vec {x}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c83561c30536cf1f20c47d85a15053d49418f7e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}:=\phi _{i}({\vec {x}})}" loading="lazy"></span> zu</li>
<li>Zeichne den Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Anmerkung:
</p>
<ol><li>Es ist in den ersten, blinden, <a href="Iteration" title="Iteration">Iterationen</a> unwesentlich, welche Funktion gewählt wird, da in jedem Schritt der Abstand zur fraktalen Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> reduziert wird. Ist z.&nbsp;B. die Kontraktionskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=0{,}5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=0{,}5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a9bc72a01ffb4a50b095487b61db8e57a718fc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=0{,}5}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Grundmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Einheitsquadrat" title="Einheitsquadrat">Einheitsquadrat</a>, welches mit 1024×1024 <a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixeln</a> dargestellt wird, so ist bereits nach 12 blinden Iterationen der Fehler unter die Pixelgröße gesunken.</li>
<li>Es werden im Allgemeinen bessere Darstellungen erzielt, wenn die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Aufrufs jeder der Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0182dbf29b54844c92fd9b0311778a02a38398ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.185ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> in etwa proportional zum Volumen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}(M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{i}(M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d44f10ac24f1e6a1c307d52e933e3e0dd2734117.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}(M)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rekursion">Rekursion</h3></div>
<p>Eine weitere Möglichkeit der Darstellung, vorzugsweise für die affinen Fraktale, ist die <i>rekursive</i> Approximation der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dies wird meist anschaulich mittels eines Fotokopierers
erklärt: Man macht verschiedene Verkleinerungen eines Ausgangsbildes, fixiert diese nach Vorschrift
auf einem neuen Blatt und benutzt dieses dann als Ausgangsbild des nächsten Schrittes.
</p><p>Auch die <i>Turtle-Grafik</i>, die zur Konstruktion der <a href="Fraktal" title="Fraktal">L-Systeme</a>
verwendet wird, folgt einer ähnlichen Idee.
</p><p>Als Algorithmus braucht man dazu eine rekursiv aufrufbare Funktion, welche die Zuordnung
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(n)=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(F(n-1))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(n)=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(F(n-1))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/796ff0354dc38c43f717e16430d1303b0e736a43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.04ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(n)=\bigcup _{i=1}^{r}\phi _{i}(F(n-1))}" loading="lazy"></span> bei einer beliebigen Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3343a65f4ed144c44091f68116e52bd21f6c4c87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.713ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(0)}" loading="lazy"></span>
realisiert. Die Implementierung benötigt einen Stackspeicher, in welchem das jeweils aktuelle Koordinatensystem als affine
Koordinatentransformationen festgehalten wird. Damit ergibt sich als Algorithmus
</p>

<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Figur(n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Figur(n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b62bec8d63ed627c95a557ad21c2d1a452b761fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.242ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Figur(n)}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<ul><li>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26819344e55f5e671c76c07c18eb4291fcec85ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
<ul><li>zeichne die Basisfigur (z.&nbsp;B. eine Strecke, einen Buchstaben, ein schwarzes Rechteck)</li></ul></li>
<li>sonst:
<ul><li>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i:=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i:=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ef78c43a22142d0000c115ed37756d64aa11e23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.71ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i:=1}" loading="lazy"></span> bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>
<ul><li>Lege aktuelles Koordinatensystem auf Stack ab</li>
<li>Transformiere das aktuelle Koordinatensystem entsprechend <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0182dbf29b54844c92fd9b0311778a02a38398ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.185ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Rufe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Figur(n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Figur(n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d1f1adf958b8deac07de18c02c0827e2b3b79cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.244ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Figur(n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf</li>
<li>Stelle Koordinatensystem vom Stack wieder her</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Fraktal:
</p>
<ul><li>Rufe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Figur(10)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Figur(10)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89a140df3ed07092e1cada443cf650afccae0ce8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.172ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Figur(10)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf (10 als Beispiel)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele_für_iterierte_Funktionensysteme"><span id="Beispiele_f.C3.BCr_iterierte_Funktionensysteme"></span>Beispiele für iterierte Funktionensysteme</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affine_Abbildungen">Affine Abbildungen</h3></div>
<p>Die erzeugenden Funktionen des IFS seien <a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affine Abbildungen</a> des zweidimensionalen
Einheitsquadrates in sich selbst. Jede Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e05cbe22ddd99c09d5b962f52b05ebf25833389f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.474ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist gegeben durch eine 2×2-<a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72095229db907e86eb4343cb4736429fcc56507d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.832ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einen Verschiebungs<a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">vektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ca33a19a52bbe58090767bcfb0aae551c925dcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.086ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Das <a href="Koch-Kurve" title="Koch-Kurve">Koch-Fraktal</a> wird z.&nbsp;B. von folgendem System von 2 Funktionen erzeugt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}{\binom {x}{y}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos 30^{\circ }&amp;\sin 30^{\circ }\\\sin 30^{\circ }&amp;-\cos 30^{\circ }\end{pmatrix}}\,{\binom {x}{y}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}{\binom {x}{y}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos 30^{\circ }&amp;\sin 30^{\circ }\\\sin 30^{\circ }&amp;-\cos 30^{\circ }\end{pmatrix}}\,{\binom {x}{y}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15dea6c399798fd800a2a6f9b2fb553c1adf756f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:41.807ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}{\binom {x}{y}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos 30^{\circ }&amp;\sin 30^{\circ }\\\sin 30^{\circ }&amp;-\cos 30^{\circ }\end{pmatrix}}\,{\binom {x}{y}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{2}{\binom {x}{y}}=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\begin{pmatrix}-\cos 30^{\circ }&amp;\sin 30^{\circ }\\\sin 30^{\circ }&amp;\cos 30^{\circ }\end{pmatrix}}{\binom {x}{y}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\binom {\cos 30^{\circ }}{\sin 30^{\circ }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>30</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{2}{\binom {x}{y}}=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\begin{pmatrix}-\cos 30^{\circ }&amp;\sin 30^{\circ }\\\sin 30^{\circ }&amp;\cos 30^{\circ }\end{pmatrix}}{\binom {x}{y}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\binom {\cos 30^{\circ }}{\sin 30^{\circ }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0a6fa8377251e2f2fe6853a21b79c40b5efae93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:60.301ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{2}{\binom {x}{y}}=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\begin{pmatrix}-\cos 30^{\circ }&amp;\sin 30^{\circ }\\\sin 30^{\circ }&amp;\cos 30^{\circ }\end{pmatrix}}{\binom {x}{y}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}{\binom {\cos 30^{\circ }}{\sin 30^{\circ }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Die klassische Methode zur Erzeugung der Koch-Kurve benutzt 4 Funktionen
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{3}},{\frac {y}{3}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{3}},{\frac {y}{3}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43557e0c37df617508de059c6a00387ace14ac4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.84ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{3}},{\frac {y}{3}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{2}(x,y)=\left({\frac {2+x-{\sqrt {3}}y}{6}},{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}x+y}{6}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{2}(x,y)=\left({\frac {2+x-{\sqrt {3}}y}{6}},{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}x+y}{6}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/526fec25bdc40b18f91af31fcbb1e8588f816fd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:38.105ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{2}(x,y)=\left({\frac {2+x-{\sqrt {3}}y}{6}},{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}x+y}{6}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{3}(x,y)=\left({\frac {3+x+{\sqrt {3}}y}{6}},{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}-{\sqrt {3}}x+y}{6}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{3}(x,y)=\left({\frac {3+x+{\sqrt {3}}y}{6}},{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}-{\sqrt {3}}x+y}{6}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b05d88fba86a6fbb4a048315977bca80e962f8f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:44.043ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{3}(x,y)=\left({\frac {3+x+{\sqrt {3}}y}{6}},{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}-{\sqrt {3}}x+y}{6}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{4}(x,y)=\left({\frac {2+x}{3}},{\frac {y}{3}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{4}(x,y)=\left({\frac {2+x}{3}},{\frac {y}{3}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd8ea5d7302097ff3c42916990f18b5579644cff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.489ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{4}(x,y)=\left({\frac {2+x}{3}},{\frac {y}{3}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Das rechtwinklige Sierpinski-Dreieck wird erzeugt von
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{2}},{\frac {y}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{2}},{\frac {y}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5585e18261d5089c0aa51207326c248d64a069e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.84ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{2}},{\frac {y}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{2}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x+1}{2}},{\frac {y}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{2}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x+1}{2}},{\frac {y}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ceac736bab0cdcc12014e224e1420cc1bc458da4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.489ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{2}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x+1}{2}},{\frac {y}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{3}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{2}},{\frac {y+1}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{3}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{2}},{\frac {y+1}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba1092528e37833656b8f19447c39de85a367ecf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.482ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{3}(x,y)=\left({\frac {x}{2}},{\frac {y+1}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collagen">Collagen</h2></div>
<p>Grundlage für die Begeisterung für solche IFS-Fraktale war das Collage-<a href="Theorem" title="Theorem">Theorem</a> von Barnsley. Es besagt, dass jede kompakte Menge – jede Gestalt – durch ein IFS-Fraktal beliebig genau angenähert werden kann. Die Grundlage dafür sind folgende Beobachtungen:
</p>
<div class="Vorlage_Kasten hintergrundfarbe-basis rahmenfarbe1" style="border-style:solid; clear:both; padding:10px;">
<p>1. Jede endliche Menge ist ein IFS–Fraktal. Die zugehörigen Funktionen sind diejenigen konstanten Funktionen, welche den gesamten Raum auf jeweils einen der endlich vielen Punkte abbilden.
</p><p>2. Jede kompakte Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> hat für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e04ec3670b50384a3ce48aca42e7cc5131a06b12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.344ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>-Netz, wird also durch endlich viele Kugeln vom Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> überdeckt.
</p>
<dl><dd>⇒ Das IFS-Fraktal der Kugelmittelpunkte enthält die Ausgangsmenge in einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>-Umgebung</dd></dl>
</div>
<p>Anschaulicher: Haben wir in einem 100×100-Pixelbild eine Figur von 500 schwarzen Pixelpunkten, so können wir das Bild um den Faktor 100 auf die Größe eines Pixels verkleinern und mit diesem einen schwarzen Punkt dann wieder die Figur malen, indem wir ihn auf jeden der zugehörigen 500 Pixel abbilden. Diese Vorgehensweise ist bei weitem nicht optimal, hier wäre das einfache Speichern der Positionen der 500 Pixel einfacher. Aber wenn wir für den gleichen Zweck mit nur fünf Abbildungen auskämen, wäre eine Datenreduktion erzielt.
</p><p>Wir sind auch nicht auf einfache Schwarzweißbilder eingeschränkt. Bei einem Graustufenbild kann der Grad der Schwärzung als dritte Koordinate des Punktes aufgefasst werden, es ergibt sich eine kompakte Fläche im dreidimensionalen Raum, auf welche wieder das Collage-Theorem angewendet werden kann. Mit systematischen Verfahren zur Konstruktion eines IFS-Fraktals mit möglichst wenigen Funktionen befasst sich die <a href="Fraktale_Bildkompression" title="Fraktale Bildkompression">Fraktale Bildkompression</a> sowie die <a href="Fraktale_Tonkompression" title="Fraktale Tonkompression">Fraktale Tonkompression</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iterated_function_systems?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Iterierte Funktionensysteme</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fraktale.quadsoft.org">Informative Seite über Fraktale und IFS für Einsteiger mit zahlreichen Illustrationen</a></li>
<li>Eine Sammlung fraktaler Kunst von <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulbourke.net/fractals/">Paul Bourke</a></li>
<li>Farbige Erweiterungen des Chaosspiels <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flam3.com/">fraktale Flammen</a>, unter <i>math</i> die Theorie dazu.</li>
<li>Zu Geschichte und Verallgemeinerungen: Cabrelli, Molter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/165405.html">Generalized Self-Similarity ...</a>
<ul><li>1957 Selbstähnliche Funktionen von Bajraktarevic und de Rham untersucht</li>
<li>1981 Selbstähnliche Mengen und Kurven von Hutchinson untersucht</li>
<li>1986 definiert Barnsley fraktale Funktionen</li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-hutchinson1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hutchinson1981_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Hutchinson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fractals and self similarity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Indiana University Mathematics Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>30</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, 1981 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b093/7152a00ab8706387cf7fd08e424ab29de6e7.pdf">semanticscholar.org</a> [PDF; <span style="white-space:nowrap">483<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>kB</span>]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Iteriertes+Funktionensystem&amp;rft.atitle=Fractals+and+self+similarity&amp;rft.au=John+E.+Hutchinson&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Indiana+University+Mathematics+Journal&amp;rft.volume=30" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-barnsley1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-barnsley1988_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Barnsley: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fractals Everywhere</cite>. Academic Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-12-079062-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Iteriertes+Funktionensystem&amp;rft.au=Michael+Barnsley&amp;rft.btitle=Fractals+Everywhere&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780120790623&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-peruggia1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-peruggia1993_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mario Peruggia: <cite style="font-style:italic">Discrete Iterated Function Systems</cite>. Taylor &amp; Francis, CRC Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-429-06536-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ix,xi</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439864708">10.1201/9781439864708</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Iteriertes+Funktionensystem&amp;rft.au=Mario+Peruggia&amp;rft.btitle=Discrete+Iterated+Function+Systems&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.doi=10.1201%2F9781439864708&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780429065361&amp;rft.pages=ix%2Cxi&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+CRC+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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